A Survey of the United Kingdom and the United States of America

Germanic/Scandinavian Rule

Alfred the Great (871-9) ---Anglo-Saxon Wessex Line United small kingdoms that established by Vikings

Defeated Danish attempts to expand ―the Danelaw‖, and regained land,including London Build a navy and establish strong garrions Persuade the Danes to become Christians

Found the first ―public‖ schools for the son of noblemen and magistrates

Began the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle—the first historical record composed in English Edgar the Peaceful (959-957)--- Anglo-Saxon Wessex Line Ethelred the Unready (978-1016)--- Anglo-Saxon Wessex Line Canute (1016-1035)---Scandinavian conqueror Sweyn (King of Denmark) Forkbeard’s son United England,Denmark and Norway

Edward the Confessor (1042-1066)—Son of Ethelred the Unready

Gave the Norman powerful positions in church and the secular governments Harold Godwinson (1066)---Relative of Canute; chosen by Witan

Norman French Rule

William Ⅰ(1066-1087)---William the Conqueror; French duke connected to the Wessex Line and

favored by Edward the Confessor

Built castles throughtout England to protect garrisons Established centralized royal government

Appointed administrative officers,called vicomtes

Developed a solvent royal treasury,established royal coinage An alliance with the Roman Catholic Church

William Ⅱ (1087-1100)---William Rufus ,second son of William Ⅰ

Henry Ⅰ Stephen and Maud (1135-1154)---Stephen was the grandson of William Ⅰ and Maud (Matilda) was the daughter of Henry Ⅰ

Began accepting money from his Barons instead of requiring military service Created the exchequer

Angevin French-Plantagenets

HenryⅡ (1154-11)---Son of Maud

Expanded Common Law to cover all Englishmen

Introduced the assize session as a legal alternative to trial by combat (the stronger person was

assumed to be right ) or trial by compurgation ( the person with the most supporters was right )

Foreign territorial claims

Altered the relationships between secular and religious authorities (canon law)

Richard Ⅰ (11-1199)---Oldest surviving son of HenryⅡ,known as Richard the

Lionhearted

John (1199-1216)---Second surviving son of HenryⅡ, who signed the Magna Carta Large territories in France passed from English control

The Pope declared John excommunicated or no longer a menber of the Catholic Church

The barons united in a ―tenant’s rights‖ movement and wrote the famous document called the

Magna Carta (Great Charter) –was designed to obtain public liberties and to control the king’s power through Common Law. King had to consult his council of barons and bishops before levying additional taxes. King was subject to the law,and the King was forced to observe the law.

Henry Ⅲ (1216-1272)--- Son of John

In 1263,civil war between Henry Ⅲ and the baronial party headed by his brother—in

–low ,Simon de Montfort. In 1265 Montfort captured the King and called an assembly of his supporters as well as burgesses, or wealthy urban commoners.---This was the origin of the modern British Parliament.

EdwardⅠ(1272-1307)---Son of Henry Ⅲ

His ―model parliament‖ of 1295 included knights by right of owning estates and burgesses

by right of positions in city government. ―What touches all should be approved by all‖—in Roman law,this principle meant that taxation depended upon the consent of the people being taxed.

In 1296, EdwardⅠdeclared himself King of Scotland.. Edward Ⅱ(1307-1327)---Murdered son of EdwardⅠ Edward Ⅲ(1327-1377)

Hunderd Year’s war—tried to regain control of France Black Death—shortage labour Military power—gunpower

Religious dissension—classes tension Surge of nationalism—being English

Richard Ⅱ (1377-1399)---Murdered grandson of Edward Ⅲ

John of Gaunt (Richard’s uncle) imposed a head tax (1378-1380) which meant both rich and

poor paid the same amount—Peasant’s Revolt

Richard confiscated John’s estates after John died—Henry (Richard’cousin) led a rebellion

against him and finally Richard was murdered.—Henry’s descendents,knowns as the Lancastrians,used the red rose as their symbol.Henry’s cousin Lionel and his descendents,knowns as Yorkists,used the white rose as their symbol.

Lancastrians

Henry Ⅳ(1399-1413)---Grandson of Edward Ⅲ

Spent much of his reign suppressing rebellions against him. Henry Ⅴ(1413-1422)---Son of Henry Ⅳ

Spent time asserting authority at home and in France

Henry Ⅵ(1422-1461)---Murdered son of Henry Ⅴ;uncles serve as regents The Yorkists began the dreary War of the Roses (1455-1485)

Yorkists

Edward Ⅳ(1461-1483)---Grandson of Edward Ⅲ Edward Ⅴ(1483)---Murdered son of Edward Ⅳ

Richard Ⅲ(1483-1485)---Brother of Edward Ⅳ killed in battle

He was defeated in the Battle of Bosworth by Henry Tudor,Earl of Richmond (Henry

Ⅶ),who strengthened his very tenuous Lancastrians claim to the throne by marrying Elizabeth,a daughter of Yorkists Edward Ⅳ.—This union of the Houses of Lancastrians

and York was marked by a new symbol,the Tudor rose.

Tudors

Henry Ⅶ(1485-1509)---Grandson of Edward Ⅲ

The King’s Council,known as the Star Chamber—consolidated his power Morton’s Fork—well-filled treasary

Commercial Policy—business community Out of war—peace England

Beg an combining—England and Wales Stressed education

Henry Ⅷ(1509-1547)---Son of Henry Ⅶ;selected by the Privy Council

The founding of the English navy—Royal navy—the basis of future British sea power

Paliament make laws which had to royal approve—House of Lords-nobles/House of

Common-knights,burgess

The Act of Supremacy (1554),which recognized the King as supreme head of the Church

in England

Relation with Ireland—Ireland remained broodingly hostile until modern times Edward Ⅵ(1547-1553)---Son of Henry Ⅷ;uncles serve as regents

Mary Ⅰ(1553-1558)---Elder daughter of Henry Ⅷ;selected by the Privy Council-Bloody Mary ElizabethⅠ(1558-1603)---Younger daughter of Henry Ⅷ

Character :intelligent,highly educated, proud,calculating,self-controlled,politician War with Spain and the Spanish Armada

reason:Catholic hatred of Protestantism/the rivalry for global trade/ultimate control of

the world’s oceans

result:defeat ensure the survival of Protestantism in northern Europe;guaranteed the

leadership of the Northerners

Relations with Ireland—the hatred was increased by two policies.

Stuarts and the Commonwealth

James Ⅰ(1603-1625)---Grandson of Henry Ⅶ;also known as James Ⅴof Scotland (1567-1625) Lack o f money

Disagreement about foreign policies Bitter religious dissension

Raise revenue without asking for parliamentary approval

Sought a princess from hated Catholic Spain as a wife for his heir Charles

In 1661,the House Commons drew up the Great Protestation,the first of the great

documents of the English Revolution

Charles Ⅰ(1625-19)---Son of James Ⅰ;beheaded by the order of the Rump Parliament Petition of Right (1628)

Charles dissolved the Parliament for 11years Short parliament and long parliament

The Civil War (12-19)—Condemnation of ―Puritanism‖ ; Parliament now controls

taxes ; Beginnings of religious toleration ; Growth of scientific organization and activities

Oliver Cromwell (19-1658)---Lord Protector;chosen by Parliament and the army Commonwealth

The Navigation Act (1651) Master of Northern seas (1652)

In 1660,parliament invited Charles Stuart to England,Charles Ⅱ,son of Charles Ⅰ

—Stuart Restored

Richard Cromwell (1658-1660)---Exiled son of Oliver Cromwell

Restored Stuarts

Charles Ⅱ(1660-1685)---Selected by Parliament;chief minister of Parliament dominates the

monarchy

A period of public pursuit of pleasure,of loose morals, of festive court life,and indecent wit

in Restoration literature and drama.

James Ⅱ(1685-1688)---Younger son of Charles Ⅰ exiled by Parliament

Hoping to enlist the support of the dissenters for toleration of Catholics, James Ⅱ issued

a Declaration of Indulgence in 1687.

Glorious Revolution

William Ⅲ and Mary Ⅱ(1688-1702)---Rule by Mary,the elder daughter of James Ⅱ,and her

husband, William the Orange

Bill of Rights---summarizes the constitutional practices advocated by Parliament in the

Stuart Era.It states the essential principles of parliamentary supremacy:control of ―the purse‖ or money,dispensation power,and frequent,regular meetings of Parliament

Ann (1702-1714)---Daughter of . James Ⅱ

England and Scotland were formally united under the name of Great Britain (1707)

Hanovarians (German Line)

George Ⅰ(1714-1727)---Grandson of James Ⅰ;Robert Walpole (1721-1742) was the first

Prime

The ministers,chosen from parliament,are collectively known as the Cabinet. George Ⅰ

was willing to leave much of the responsibility for formulating policies to the Cabinet,contenting himself with accepting or rejecting their proposals.

George Ⅱ(1727-1760)---Son of George Ⅰ

Prime Minister Political Party Robert Walpole (1721-1742) Whig Earl of Wilmington (1742-1744) Whig Henry Pelham (1744-1754) Whig Duke of Newcastle (1754-1756) Whig Duke of Devonshire (1756-1757) Tory Earl of Bute (1762-1763) Tory

George Ⅲ (1760-1820)---―Mad King George‖,eldest son of George Ⅱ Farmer George

Whigs went down,he master the kingdom Resigned Pitt,signed Lord North

Lost American colonies,increased national debt

Son of William Pitt replaced Lord North:organized national finances;treaty with

France;Act of Union with Ireland (1800);coercion and repression

to prevent French Revolution Influence

Prime Minister Political Party

George Grenville (1763-1765) Whig Marquess of Rockingham (1765-1766) Whig William Pitt,the Elder (1766-1767) Whig Duke of Grafton (1768-1770) Whig Lord Frederick North (1770-1782) Tory Marquess of Rockingham (1782) Whig Earl of Shelburne (1782-1783) Whig Duke of Portland (1783) Coalition William Pitt,the Younger (1783-1801) Tory Henry Addington (1801-1804) Tory William Pitt,the Younger (1804-1806) Tory William Grenville (1806-1807) Whig Duke of Portand (1807-1809) Tory Spencer Perceval (1809-1812) Tory Earl of Liverpool (1812-1827) Tory George Ⅳ(1820-1830)---Eldest son of George Ⅲ

Prime Minister Political Party Earl of Liverpool (1812-1827) Tory George Canning (1827) Tory Viscount Goderich (1827-1828) Tory Duke of Wellington (1828-1830) Tory William Ⅳ(1830-1837)---Second son of George Ⅲ

Prime Minister Political Party Earl Grey (1830-1834) Whig Viscount Melbourne (1834) Whig Robert Peel (1834-1837) Tory Victoria (1837-1901)---Granddaughter of George Ⅲ

Prime Minister Political Party Viscount Melbourne (1835-1841) Whig Robert Peel (1841-1846) Tory John Russell (1846-1852) Whig Earl of Derby (1852) Tory Earl of Aberdeen (1852-1855) Peelite Viscount Palmerston (1855-1858) Liberal

Earl of Derby (1858-1859) Conservative Viscount Palmerston (1859-1865) Liberal Earl Russell (1865-1866) Liberal

Earl of Derby (1866-1868) Conservative Benjamin Disraeil (1868) Conservative William Gladstone (1868-1874) Liberal Benjamin Disraeil (1874-1880) Conservative William Gladstone (1880-1885) Liberal

Marquess of Salisbury (1885-1886) Conservative William Gladstone (1886) Liberal

Marquess of Salisbury (1886-12) Conservative William Gladstone (12-14) Liberal Earl of Roseberry (14-15) Liberal

Marquess of Salisbury (15-1902) Conservative Edward Ⅶ (1901-1910)---Son of Victoria

Prime Minister Political Party Arthur Balfour (1902-1905) Conservative Henry Campbell-Bannerman (1905-1908) Liberal Herbert Asquith (1908-1916) Liberal

George Ⅴ(1910-1936)---Son of Edward Ⅶ;The Hanoverian monarchy is renamed the House

of windsor

Prime Minister Political Party Herbert Asquith (1908-1916) Coalition David Lloyd George (1916-1922) Coalition Andrew Bonar Law (1922-1923) Conservative Stanley Baldwin (1924-1929) Conservative James Ramsay MacDonald (1924) Labour

Stanley Baldwin (1924-1929) Conservative James Ramsay MacDonald (1929-1935) Labour Stanley Baldwin (1935-1937) Coalition Edward Ⅷ (1936)---Eldest son of George Ⅴ who abdicated George Ⅵ (1936-1952)---Second son of George Ⅴ

Prime Minister Political Party Stanley Baldwin (1935-1937) Coalition Neville Chamberlain (1937-1940) Coalition Winston Churchill (1940-1945) Coalition Clement Attlee (1945-1951) Labour Winston Churchill (1951-1955)---Conservative

Elizabeth Ⅱ (1952-to date)---Older daughter of George Ⅵ

Prime Minister Political Party Winston Churchill (1951-1955) Conservative Anthony Eden (1955-1957) Conservative Harold Macmillan (1957-1963) Conservative Alec Douglas-Home (1963-19) Conservative Harold Wilson (19-1970) Labour

Edward Heath (1970-1974) Conservative Harold Wilson (1974-1976) Labour James Callaghan (1976-1979) Labour

Margaret Thatcher (1979-1990) Conservative John Major (1990-1997) Conservative Anthony Blair (1997-2007) Labour Gordon Brown (2007-) Labour